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My task is to deconstruct an indestructible cultural construct known as
Eugene Giles. This paper therefore combines certain approaches of
archeology, a field in which some scholars speculate about people who
are not there, with methods of post-modern cultural studies, in which
some investigators interpret facts which aren’t there.
First,
identity. Who is Eugene Giles? He is listed in many directories of
distinguished persons, but there is little agreement. The AAA associates
him with "physical anthropological genetics, comparative human
osteology, and forensic anthropology." American Men and Women of
Science labels him "physical and biological anthropology, forensic
anthropology," while in Who’s Who In America he is
"Anthropology Educator." The National Faculty Directory simply
says "anth." He’s not listed in "Favorite Customers of
The Swedish Bakery," nor in Butler’s "Lives of the
Saints." It may be instructive to know that the name Giles is
revealed by the Oxford Encyclopedia of Surnames to be derived from the
Latin Egidius, coming in turn from the Greek aigidion, meaning "a
young goat." Better a young goat than an old goat.
I want to ask,
next, what kind of a person my principal text, the Giles c.v., reveals
him to be. There is fiscal responsibility, as his birthday falls on June
30th, end of the fiscal year. Dualism, too, as the digit "two"
appears four times in his social security number. Sympathy for Stephen
Jay Gould’s five-sided critters in the Burgess shales is evidenced in
the three fives of his phone number. A traditionalist, Giles is among
the few academics who still present their vita in chronological order,
thus calling attention to the distant past, much in contrast to the
reverse chronologies of the "now" generation. That Giles is a
patriot is clear from his membership in fifteen societies, no fewer than
nine of whose names begin with the word "American." A man of
unimpeachable consistency, he stuck it out at Harvard for three degrees,
pointing out to me once that at Harvard it takes three degrees to learn
what can be learned in two at Illinois. There is tenaciousness, in his
service to the Department of Anthropology as department head for five
years, and acting head on seven occasions; and as associate dean of not
just one but two colleges at UIUC.
If one is to
deconstruct the vita as ethnographic text, an important requirement of
observation today is the acknowledgment of reflexivity. I should tell
you, therefore, that Gene and I were appointed to the UI faculty the
same year, in the fall of 1964. At that point I got it into my mind that
Inga was a nurse or perhaps a practitioners of some arcane Swedish
medical techniques, and that Gene was a social anthropologist studying
kinship in New Guinea. It took me years to get this corrected, and my
understanding of Gene’s scholarship has gone downhill ever since. I
suspect that he never quite got me straight either, because for decades
he has mistakenly insisted that I am really an anthropologist, and has
supported my activities and myself in the department on countless
occasions, for which I thank him, more seriously than the rest of this
paper may suggest.
Moving to a
more interpretive mode, the Giles vita suggests a man constantly on a
quest. One repeatedly encounters the word "search," as in
"search committees," for deans, professors, heads. His vita
also shows a devoted teacher, advisor of theses with unpronounceable
titles, and instructor of many courses, some with fascinating names such
as "Individual topics," "graduate readings,"
"undergraduate individual study," and "junior year
tutorial." I should insert that my younger daughter took Anthro 102
with him but insisted that he had a night job acting as Tom Bosley on
the 1980s TV show "Charlie’s Angels."
A substantial
component of this discourse has to be the deconstruction of the many
Giles publications. First, much can be learned from titles. What kind of
a title author is Giles?
There is first
the travel motif, as in "Hydrogen Cyanide and Phenylthiocarbamide
Sensitivity, Mid-phalangeal hair and color-blindness in Yucatan,
Mexico," (1968), "Distribution of B-thalassemia trait and
erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Markham
River Valley of New Guinea (1967), "Cranial variation in Australia
and neighboring areas." Anyway, he has certainly been around. I
understand there are Giles suitcases in the lost-and-found departments
of airports in several continents.
Then there’s
the "progression away from titular obscurity" motif. Young
scholars to publish short studies with long titles, and move, as they
gain in seniority, to shorter and more digestible titles heading less
digestible articles. But only gradually. I cite, thus, a mid-career
Giles work, "A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in
Papua New Guinea: perspectives on the evolutionary stability of
dermatoglyphic markers" (1981), which, incidentally, heralds a
trend to his eventually overpowering fascination with crooks. By 1986
his titles had become quite easy to understand. For example, "Are
We All Out of Africa" (in 1986) devotes its first page to asking
the question, and the second to saying "probably not." The
shortest, a magnificent accomplishment in title brevity, is "E. A.
Hooton," 1991, edging out the very recent but already classic
"Clarification or Confusion," published with Dr. Klepinger.
I have to
confess that the only piece of Giles’s research which I understood
appeared in "Stature- and age-related bias in self-reported
stature," of 1991, which told me that older men think they are
taller than they really are, and that I had been lying about my height
for years.
Careful
analysis of titles also shows a high level of sensationalism and a
strong interest in crooks. At least nine include the word
"sex," and even more include the morpheme "crim,"
and some even have both, for example, "Sex determination by
discriminant function analysis of crania" (1963). Then there’s
the promising "It Had Everything, Blood, Gore, Sex, Kinky
Stuff" of 1988, an article which, sad to say, of only one page. And
further, the recent seemingly incomplete study (or incomplete title),
"The Butcher Who Rendered His Wife" of last year, also with
Dr. Klepinger, which leaves open the question of "what" he
rendered her. penniless, or perhaps ignorant?
Content matters
too, as well as titled. But in the interest of time, I’ll restrict
myself to a comparative analysis of opening sentences. In some, Giles,
always up to date, is heavily into diversity. 1968: "From an ethnic
point of view, the Republic of Mexico’s people are among the most
diverse in the Americas." 1980: "From the expatriate
anthropologist’s perspective, Melanesia’s most distinctive
characteristic is its immense diversity." A second type I’ll call
the "No argument" opening: 1970: "To the anthropologist,
the problem of identification is usually one of establishing the
demographic characteristics of a skeletal population." 1991:
"Police officers many times cannot accept as accurate eyewitness
height estimates." 1985: "Surname analysis has proven
methodologically useful." In 1973, he wrote, "Without doubt,
both anthropologists and the people they traditionally study have
advanced." But back in his salad days, he already had this
technique down. 1960: "In paleontological classification, the
paleontologist is required to make a judicious assessment." There
is the "Tsk Tsk" type.1971: "Although in recent years
there has been a flurry of interest in the genetics of preliterate
peoples, few studies have concentrated on their morphological
variability." 1981: "As Papua has become accessible there has
been data collection, but some prehistorians believe that these
exhausting efforts have contributed [very little]." 1966: "At
least two articles in ‘New Guinea’ have used or implied race in a
fashion that may leave thoughtful readers curious." Also, there’s
the raised forefinger category: 1970: "Anyone who is or will be a
physical anthropologist ought to satisfy himself that his profession is
relevant." Finally, there’s the "take a deep breath"
opening. I’ll restrict myself to a 1962 example: "It has only
been in the last six years that the similarities between the sudden,
transitory anemia produced in certain people by the intake of the
antimalarial primaquine or a few other drugs and the symptoms of favism,
caused in a few individuals (approximately 5 per 2000 in a recent
Mediterranean survey) by eating or inhaling the pollen of fava beans,
have been demonstrated to have the same enzymatic basis."
Gene and I
share an area of interest, the intellectual history of our disciplines.
Having taken anthropology when Piltdown Man was still "Piltdown
Man," it was from Gene that I learned that not all American
biological anthropologists have names with double-o. I also learned that
there is no way you can get through prelims without pronouncing
correctly the name of the famous Czech physical anthropologist Aleš
Hrdlička.
Deconstruction
of the Giles vita has taught me that here is a man who accomplished much
in his field and for his university. They are accomplishments of an
uncommon level of distinction. Indeed, there’s a touch of
Guinness-ness in his vita; he is a holder of records. He started out as
a wunderkind, publishing two papers at the age of 23, and more soon
after. Some of his earliest work involved the study of ancient and
recent coyotes, whose obviously criminal character led to Gene’s later
interest in crooks. In 1966, when Giles left temporarily, I was told
that he had been offered positions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton,
clearly a record. Gene later told me that Yale didn’t really make a
solid offer. Anyhow, he chose Harvard; as they say, "You can always
tell a Harvard Man." But you can’t tell him much.
The
significance of Giles’s career is also clear from the list of offices
he has held -- or occupied -- many pages of everything from discussant
and lecturer to President of the American Association of Physical
Anthropologists, editor, keynote speaker, presenter of the lifetime
achievement award to his advisor William W. Howells. It’s clear that
he has been something of a party animal, as the vita is replete with
invitations -- invited discussant, invited paper-giver, invited speaker,
invited lecturer, invited editor. There’s lots more, and actually, so
that you could have it all, I suggested passing out Gene’s vita with
the menu, as it contains occasional culinary excursions such as the
review, "The Roots of Mankind," and the paper, "The
Missing Finger" of 1979. Curiously lacking is the recipe for the
famous chocolate chip cookies that he regularly bakes for his grandsons
-- and himself.
Among the
recent accomplishments of humanistic scholarship is the development of
"reception history." How has Gene Giles been received? Well, I’m
sorry to admit this, but he hasn’t scooted across the pages of history
totally unscathed, and it’s only proper to point this out. He is a
member of Phi Beta Kappa, an organization whose meetings he has never
attended, and is listed in Who’s Who in America, a book he has never
read. In the years of headship, his insistence on beginning his memos
anonymously with "From Head of Department" was greeted with
some consternation; as was his insistence that faculty members keep
regular office hours. As Associate Graduate dean, he was known as a
law-and-order administrator, which, too, may have led to his interest in
crooks.
But, aside from
writing papers whose titles are too long, making people follow the
rules, maintaining a maddening stick-to-it-ness, resurrecting dead
criminals, and putting many of us to in his debt for his many
accomplishments and services, there is little in the Giles reception
history to criticize. He has retired from administration and from some
of his teaching in order, I suspect, to avoid the things that prevent
professoring from being the ideal profession. Thus, he will avoid going
to meetings and writing reports, do more research and write, hunt down
criminals and exonerate the innocent, and continue his activities as a
devoted grandfather, peerless gourmet, frequent flier, enthusiastic
supporter of Scandinavian-American independence movements, but surely a
permanent resident of Champaign-Urbana, so that he and Inga can, for
many years to come, continue to be great friends to all of us.
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